Java 8 comes with a lot more improvements and features than most people seem to realize. One such feature that can boost your productivity as a Java Programmer is Lambda expressions.
To learn just how beneficial this oft less understood feature is, lets take a very simple example: A Product search function, and see how various traditional approaches to this problem fare out. Since eCommerce stores and shopping cart apps have become quite a buzzword of late, lets make a simple implementation of product search by name:
//Navie approach
public static List<Product> search(List<Product> stock, String name)
{
ArrayList<Product> r = new ArrayList<Product>();
for (Product p : stock)
{
if (p.name.compareTo(name)==0) {
r.add(p);
}
}
return r;
}
This is the naivest approach a programmer can possibly take when writing a product search method. The assumption here is that name is going to be the only criteria to search the product catalog. Suppose, you were working as a Java Programmer for a small eCommerce store and you wrote this function, only to realize that your users want a price comparison feature too. So, you add two extra parameters for price range to the search method like this:
//Classic Java Programmer approach
public static List<Product> searchWithRange(List<Product> stock, String name, double minValue, double maxValue)
{
ArrayList<Product> r = new ArrayList<Product>();
for (Product p : stock)
{
if (p.name.compareTo(name)==0 && (p.price>=minValue && p.price<=maxValue)) {
r.add(p);
}
}
return r;
}
This is the classic Java Programmer pattern - if you want to change behavior of a class, just add more parameters to methods. Even a lot of experts do this forgetting the repercussions. For one, each and every change impacts the public interface of your class. Meaning, if you have distributed this class as part of a library jar to any fellow programmers, you must recompile your library package again just for adding one extra parameter. Expert programmers realize this, so they come up with Interfaces. In this example, an Expert programmer will try to separate out the search comparison logic from the search scanning (for loop) and define a ProductFilter interface such as this:
interface ProductFilter
{
public boolean run(Product p);
}
This interface is just a “contract” that asks users to define a run method for comparing a product and return a matching boolean result to include it in the result or not. With this interface, our search method becomes lot more flexible:
//Expert Java Programmer approach
public static List<Product> searchWithInterface(List<Product> stock, ProductFilter filter)
{
ArrayList<Product> r = new ArrayList<Product>();
for (Product p : stock)
{
if (filter.run(p)) {
r.add(p);
}
}
return r;
}
You see, the class is more generic and flexible now. It can take up whatever new criteria like product size (“15+ inch LCD screens”) or product ratings (“four stars plus”) you come up with. Here is a simple example of using this search method:
List<Product> r = Product.searchWithInterface(list,new ProductFilter(){
public boolean run(Product p) {
return (p.name=="foo" && (p.price>=10 && p.price<=50) && p.size=="15in");
}
});
This is how you would have done things if you were an Expert Java programmer until JDK 7.0, but JDK 8.0 has changed everything! With lambdas, the above implementation becomes even more flexible and powerful. Firstly, because the interface ProductFilter has only one method, it is a functional interface. With functional interfaces, you can directly assign them lambda expressions, so the above search application becomes as simple as this:
List<Product> r = Product.searchWithLambda(list,
(Product p) -> (p.name.equals("foo") && (p.price>=10 && p.price<=50) && p.size.equals("15in"))); //rockstar2
The syntax for a lamdba is as follows: Arguments in braces, followed by the arrow symbol, followed by statements that return a value:
(arguments) -> (statements)
In fact, a Rockstar Java programmer will think that he/she no longer needs the ProductFilter interface now. That’s because the package java.util.function comes bundled with several generic interfaces that are pretty easy to use with lambdas. For instance, using the Predicate<T> Interface, our search method no longer needs an interface now!
//Rockstar Java Programmer approach
public static List<Product> searchWithLambda(List<Product> stock, Predicate<Product> filter)
{
ArrayList<Product> r = new ArrayList<Product>();
for (Product p : stock)
{
if (filter.test(p)) {
r.add(p);
}
}
return r;
}
The interface java.util.function.Predicate is a generic interface that contains a generic method named test() (notice we changed run to test in order to use this interface). The package java.util.function.* contains several other useful interfaces like Predicate that can help you in many such situations.
Good programming is all about minimalism and reducing code-bloat. Whilst implementing a new paradigm in your existing code might sometime clash with your other constraints like delivery time and number of available developers, I personally think that in the long run, all these efforts spent usually pay off. The pay-off could be in the form of more re-usability, more readability of code, fewer bugs and in most cases all of them.
Here is the complete implementation of Product.java. Today we learned about Lambda expressions, an important new feature in Java 8. In the next part of the series we will learn about default methods, another great Java feature to make your life easier!
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